What event is referred to as the Black Death?

The Black Death refers specifically to the pandemic of bubonic plague that swept through Europe in the 14th century, peaking between 1347 and 1351. This catastrophic event is estimated to have killed about one-third of Europe's population at the time, leading to profound social, economic, and cultural changes. The bacteria responsible for the bubonic plague, Yersinia pestis, was often transmitted through fleas that thrived on rats, which were common in urban areas.

The impact of the Black Death was far-reaching; it resulted in significant labor shortages, changes in land use, a shift in power dynamics between the peasantry and the nobility, and a reevaluation of social structures. It also influenced art and literature, as themes of death and mortality became more prominent during and after the pandemic.

The other events listed are each significant in their own right but do not correspond to the term "Black Death." The smallpox outbreak in the 16th century is a different infectious disease with its own historical implications, the Spanish Flu was a global influenza pandemic in the early 20th century, and the cholera epidemic of the 19th century relates to a different bacterial infection affecting the water supply. Each of these events has