Which ancient civilization developed the philosophy of Daoism?

Daoism, also known as Taoism, is an ancient Chinese philosophy and spiritual tradition that emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao (or Tao), which is considered the fundamental principle that underlies and unites the universe. This philosophy is rooted in the works of Laozi and later, Zhuangzi, who advocated for a naturalistic approach to life and governance, stressing simplicity, humility, and compassion.

In contrast to the other civilizations mentioned, such as Egypt, the Indus Valley, and Mesopotamia, Daoism specifically emerged within the context of Chinese culture and history. Egypt's philosophies were focused on the afterlife and the divine nature of kings, while the Indus Valley civilization left behind a rather enigmatic cultural legacy with limited writings. Mesopotamian civilizations developed rich mythologies and legal codes but did not formulate philosophies like Daoism that emphasize a way of life in alignment with nature.

Thus, the development of Daoism is uniquely attributed to Chinese civilization, making it the correct answer to the question.