Which ancient civilization is often referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization"?

The designation of Mesopotamia as the "Cradle of Civilization" stems from its pivotal role in the development of early human societies. This region, situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq, is notable for being one of the first places where complex urban centers emerged. It was here that the Sumerians developed city-states, introduced writing systems like cuneiform, and made significant advances in technology, agriculture, and governance.

Mesopotamia is characterized by its innovations, such as the wheel and a sophisticated understanding of mathematics and astronomy. These contributions laid foundations for later civilizations and had a lasting influence on subsequent cultures in the region and beyond. The combination of fertile land and a network of rivers allowed for agricultural surpluses, which facilitated trade and the development of social structures.

This combination of environmental factors and human innovation set the stage for Mesopotamia to be recognized as the birthplace of many of the elements that define civilization, such as organized religion, centralized government, and social stratification.