Which major ancient civilization does NOT include in its philosophies Confucianism?

Mesopotamia is the correct answer because it is not associated with Confucianism, which is a philosophy originating from China, specifically attributed to the teachings of Confucius around the 5th century BCE. Confucianism emphasizes moral integrity, social relationships, and governance based on virtue and ethical conduct.

In contrast, ancient Mesopotamian civilizations, such as the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, operated under a different set of belief systems and philosophical frameworks, focusing on polytheism, mythology, and early legal codes. Their governance and societal norms were influenced by their own traditions rather than Confucian thought.

While the other civilizations listed, like China with Confucianism, Egypt with its own religious and ethical systems, and the Indus Valley with its emerging social order, had their philosophical constructs, Mesopotamia distinctly lacked Confucian influence, making it the correct choice for this question.