Which philosophy emphasizes strict laws and harsh punishments as a means of governance?

The philosophy that emphasizes strict laws and harsh punishments as a means of governance is indeed Legalism. Legalism developed during the Warring States period in ancient China and focuses on the idea that a strong, centralized authority is necessary to maintain order in society. Legalists believe that human nature is inherently selfish, and therefore, to control people’s behavior, a system of rigorous laws with severe penalties is essential.

This approach contrasts sharply with other philosophies. Daoism promotes harmony with nature and a more individualistic approach to governance, encouraging leaders to adopt a hands-off philosophy. Confucianism stresses moral values and the importance of ethical leadership, advocating for governance through virtue rather than through coercion. Buddhism focuses on personal spiritual development and the alleviation of suffering rather than on political structures or strict legal codes.

Thus, Legalism's emphasis on order through strict enforcement of laws and punishments highlights its distinct philosophy regarding governance.