Who is known for the theory of evolution by natural selection?

The theory of evolution by natural selection is most famously associated with Charles Darwin. Darwin proposed that species evolve over time through a mechanism where individuals that are better adapted to their environments tend to survive and reproduce more successfully than others. This concept, laid out in his seminal work "On the Origin of Species" published in 1859, fundamentally changed the understanding of biological development and the diversity of life on Earth. His observations during the voyage of the HMS Beagle, particularly in the Galápagos Islands, provided crucial evidence for this theory. Darwin's ideas laid the groundwork for modern evolutionary biology, influencing various fields beyond just biology, including genetics and ecology.

The other individuals mentioned had significant contributions in their respective fields but are not associated with the development of the theory of evolution. Isaac Newton is renowned for his work in physics and mathematics, particularly laws of motion and universal gravitation. Albert Einstein is best known for the theory of relativity, which revolutionized physics in the early 20th century. Louis Pasteur made groundbreaking contributions to microbiology and immunology, particularly known for germ theory and pasteurization, but he did not develop evolutionary theory.